Matagaluega o Su'esu'ega Fa'afoma'i, Falema'i a Tagata o Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Saina
Matagaluega o Su'esu'ega Fa'afoma'i, Falema'i Fa'afeso'ota'i a le Iunivesite o Shandong o Vailaau Fa'aSaina Fa'aSaina, Jinan
Huang Huayi, Aʻoga o Suʻesuʻega Faʻafomaʻi, Youjiang National Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, Mindray North America, Mahwah, New Jersey, 07430, ISA.
Matagaluega o Su'esu'ega Fa'afoma'i, Falema'i a Tagata o Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Saina
Matagaluega o Su'esu'ega Fa'afoma'i, Falema'i Fa'afeso'ota'i a le Iunivesite o Shandong o Vailaau Fa'aSaina Fa'aSaina, Jinan
Huang Huayi, Aʻoga o Suʻesuʻega Faʻafomaʻi, Youjiang National Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, Mindray North America, Mahwah, New Jersey, 07430, ISA.
Fa'aoga le so'oga o lo'o i lalo e fa'asoa atu ai le fa'amatalaga atoa o lenei tusiga i au uo ma au uo.Aoao atili.
Ina ia malamalama atili i suiga faʻamaʻi o le COVID-19, e fesoasoani i le faʻafoega o le falemaʻi o le faʻamaʻi ma sauniuniga mo le galu o faʻamaʻi tutusa i le lumanaʻi.
Ole vaega ole hematological ole 52 COVID-19 tagata gasegase na faʻatagaina ile falemaʻi ua maeʻa suʻesuʻeina.Sa su'esu'eina fa'amaumauga i le fa'aaogaina o polokalame fa'akomepiuta SPSS.
Aʻo leʻi togafitia, T cell subsets, lymphocytes aofaʻi, lautele toto toto mumu (RDW), eosinophils ma basophils na matua maualalo ifo nai lo le maeʻa togafitiga, aʻo faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi o neutrophils, neutrophils ma lymphocytes O le fua faatatau (NLR) ma le C β-reactive protein ( CRP) fa'apea fo'i sela mumu toto (RBC) ma le hemoglobin na fa'aitiitia tele ina ua mae'a togafitiga.Ole vaega ole T cell, aofa'i o lymphocytes ma basophils o tagata mama'i tuga ma ma'i tigaina na matua maualalo lava nai lo tagata mama'i feololo.Neutrophils, NLR, eosinophils, procalcitonin (PCT) ma le CRP e sili atu le maualuga i gasegase ogaoga ma maʻi tigaina nai lo tagata mamaʻi.O le CD3 +, CD8 +, le aofaʻi o lymphocytes, platelets, ma basophils o tagata mamaʻi i luga atu o le 50 tausaga e maualalo ifo nai lo i latou i lalo ifo o le 50 tausaga, ae o neutrophils, NLR, CRP, RDW i tagata mamaʻi i luga atu o le 50 tausaga e maualuga atu nai lo i latou i lalo ifo o le 50 tausaga.I gasegase tuga ma ogaoga, o loʻo i ai se fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o le prothrombin time (PT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ma le aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
T cell subsets, lymphocyte count, RDW, neutrophils, eosinophils, NLR, CRP, PT, ALT ma le AST o faʻailoga taua i le pulega, aemaise lava mo tagata mamaʻi tigaina ma le COVID-19.
O le 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) faʻamaʻi na mafua mai i se ituaiga fou o le coronavirus na aliaʻe ia Tesema 2019 ma sosolo vave i le lalolagi atoa.1-3 I le amataga o le faʻamaʻi, na taulaʻi atu le falemaʻi i faʻaaliga ma faʻamaʻi pipisi, tuʻufaʻatasia ma suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa i ata o tagata mamaʻi 4 ma le 5, ona faʻamaonia lea i taunuuga lelei o le nucleotide amplification.Ae ui i lea, na maua mulimuli ane ni manuʻa pathological eseese i totoga eseese.6-9 O le tele ma le tele o faʻamaoniga e faʻaalia ai o suiga pathophysiological ole COVID-19 e sili atu ona lavelave.Ole osofa'iga ole virus e mafua ai le tele o totoga e fa'aleagaina ma fa'agasolo ai le puipuiga.Ua matauina le faateleina o le serum ma le alveolar cytokines ma polotini tali inflammatory7, 10-12, ma lymphopenia ma le faaletonu T cell subsets ua maua i gasegase tigaina.13, 14 Ua lipotia mai o le fua faatatau o neutrophils i lymphocytes ua avea ma faʻamatalaga aoga mo le faʻamalamalamaina o le maʻi ma le lelei o lauroid nodules i le falemaʻi.15 E mafai fo'i e le NLR ona fesoasoani e fa'avasega tagata mama'i e maua i le ulcerative colitis mai fa'atonuga maloloina.16 E iai fo'i sona sao ile thyroiditis ma e feso'ota'i ma le ma'isuka ituaiga 2.17, 18 RDW o se faailoga o le erythrocytosis.Ua maua su'esu'ega e fesoasoani e fa'ailoilo ai nodule o louroid, su'esu'e fa'ama'i rūmatoid, fa'ama'i o le lumbar disc, ma thyroiditis.19-21 CRP o se va'aiga lautele o le mumū ma sa su'esu'eina i le tele o tulaga.22 Na maua talu ai nei o le NLR, RDW ma le CRP o loʻo aʻafia foi i le COVID-19 ma e iai sona sao taua i le suʻesuʻeina ma le faʻamaʻi o le maʻi.11, 14, 23-25 O le mea lea, o taunuʻuga o suʻega suʻesuʻe e taua mo le iloiloina o le tulaga o le maʻi ma le faia o filifiliga togafitiga.Na matou suʻesuʻeina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega o le 52 COVID-19 maʻi na faʻamaʻi i falemaʻi filifilia i Saina i Saute e tusa ai ma a latou togafitiga muamua ma le maeʻa, faigata, ma le matua, ina ia malamalama atili i suiga faʻamaʻi o le faʻamaʻi ma fesoasoani i le lumanaʻi pulega falemaʻi. ole COVID-19 .
O lenei suʻesuʻega na faia ai se suʻesuʻega lata mai o le 52 COVID-19 tagata gasegase na ulufale i le falemaʻi filifilia o Nanning Fourth Hospital mai Ianuari 24, 2020 ia Mati 2, 2020. Faatasi ai ma i latou, e 45 na mamaʻi feololo ae 5 na mamaʻi tigaina.Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le matua e mai le 3 masina i le 85 tausaga.I le tulaga o itupa, e 27 alii ae 25 tamaitai.O le tagata ma'i e iai fa'ailoga e pei o le fiva, tale mago, vaivai, ulu tiga, pua'a le manava, ma'i isu, tafe le isu, tiga fa'a'i, tiga maso, manava manava, ma le myalgia.Na fa'ailoa mai i fa'amaumauga fa'akomepiuta o mama o lo'o pipii po'o tioata fa'aeleele, e ta'u mai ai le niumonia.Su'esu'e e tusa ai ma le lomiga lona 7 o le Saina COVID-19 Ta'iala ma Togafitiga.Faʻamaonia e le taimi moni o le qPCR suʻesuʻeina o nucleotides viral.E tusa ai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaonia, na vaevaeina tagata gasegase i vaega feololo, ogaoga, ma ogaoga.I tulaga feololo, o le tagata maʻi e atiaʻe le fiva ma le manava maʻi, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai mamanu o le niumonia.Afai e ausia e le tagata maʻi soʻo se tulaga o loʻo taua i lalo, o le suʻesuʻega e ogaoga: (a) faʻalavelave faʻalavelave ( manava manava ≥30 manava / min);(b) malolo o tamatamailima toto okesene saturation ≤93%;(c) totoga okesene alatoto (PO2) )/Vaega o le Inspiratory O2 (Fi O2) ≤300 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa).Afai e ausia e le tagata ma'i so'o se ta'iala o lo'o taua i lalo, o le su'esu'ega e ogaoga: (a) fa'aletonu le manava e mana'omia ai le fa'avevelaina o masini;(b) faateia;(c) isi totoga ua faaletonu e mana'omia ai togafitiga ile potu tigaina (ICU).E tusa ai ma taʻiala o loʻo taʻua i luga, e 52 tagata mamaʻi na maua i le 2 mataupu, maʻi tigaina i le 5, ma le mama i le 45 mataupu.
O gasegase uma, e aofia ai ma'i feololo, tigaina ma ma'i tigaina, e togafitia e tusa ai ma faiga fa'avae nei: (a) Togafitiga fa'aopoopo lautele;(b) Togafitiga fa'ama'i: lopinavir/ritonavir ma le α-interferon;(i) E mafai ona fetu'una'i le fua o vaila'au fa'aSaina masani e tusa ai ma le tulaga o le ma'i.
O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia e le Komiti Toe Iloilo a le Inisetiute Suesuega a Nanning Fourth Hospital ma sa faʻaaogaina e aoina ai faʻamatalaga maʻi.
Su'esu'ega toto toto pito i luga: su'esu'ega masani o le toto lautele o lo'o faia ile Mindray BC-6900 hematology analyzer (Mindray) ma Sysmex XN 9000 hematology analyzer (Sysmex).O le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le toto anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anapogi na aoina i le taeao ina ua uma ona ulufale le tagata maʻi i le falemaʻi.O le su'esu'ega tutusa i le va o su'esu'ega toto e lua o lo'o ta'ua i luga na fa'amaonia e tusa ai ma fa'atonuga o le fa'atonutonuina o le lelei o falesu'esu'e.I le su'esu'ega o le hematology, e maua ai le sela pa'epa'e (WBC) ma le eseesega, sela mumu toto (RBC) ma le fa'asino igoa e maua fa'atasi ma fa'ata'ape'ape ma fa'asologa o histograms.
Flow cytometry of T lymphocyte subpopulations: BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company) FACSCalibur flow cytometer na faʻaaogaina mo le suʻesuʻeina o le cytometry e suʻesuʻe ai T cell subpopulations.Iloilo faʻamatalaga e le MultiSET software.O le fua na faia e tusa ai ma faiga masani faʻagaioiga ma faʻatonuga a le gaosiga.Fa'aaogā le EDTA e fa'aputu ai le toto e aoina mai ai le 2 ml o le toto vena.Fa'afefiloi malie le fa'ata'ita'iga e ala i le feliuliua'i o le fa'aau fa'ata'ita'i fa'atele taimi e puipuia ai le fa'a'ele'ele.A maeʻa ona aoina le faʻataʻitaʻiga, e tuʻuina atu i le fale suʻesuʻe ma suʻesuʻeina i totonu ole 6 itula ile vevela ole potu.
Immunofluorescence suʻesuʻega: C-reactive protein (CRP) ma le procalcitonin (PCT) na suʻesuʻeina i le taimi lava na maeʻa ai le suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai faʻataʻitaʻiga toto suʻesuʻeina e le hematology, ma suʻesuʻeina i luga ole FS-112 immunofluorescence analyzer (Wondfo Biotech Co., LTD.) i luga. le auiliiliga.) Mulimuli i faʻatonuga a le gaosi oloa ma tulaga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga.
Iloilo le serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ma le aspartate aminotransferase (AST) i luga ole HITACHI LABOSPECT008AS su'esu'e vaila'au (HITACHI).Ole taimi ole prothrombin (PT) na suʻesuʻeina ile STAGO STA-R Evolution analyzer (Diagnostica Stago).
Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR): Fa'aaogā fa'ata'ita'iga RNA e tu'u'ese mai su'ega o le nasopharyngeal po'o fa'alilo fa'amama i lalo ole manava e fai ai le RT-qPCR e iloa ai le SARS-CoV-2.Nucleic acids na vavae ese i luga ole SSNP-2000A nucleic acid otometi separation platform (Bioperfectus Technologies).O le pusa suʻesuʻe na saunia e le Sun Yat-sen University Daan Gene Co., Ltd. ma Shanghai BioGerm Medical Biotechnology Co., Ltd. O le taamilosaga vevela na faia i luga o le ABI 7500 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems).O fa'ai'uga o su'ega nucleoside viral o lo'o fa'amatalaina lelei pe leaga.
SPSS version 18.0 software sa fa'aogaina mo le su'esu'eina o fa'amaumauga;fa'atasi-fa'ata'ita'iga t-su'ega, tuto'atasi-fa'ata'ita'iga t-su'ega, po'o le Mann-Whitney U su'ega na fa'aaogaina, ma o le tau P <.05 na manatu e taua.
E toalima gasegase tigaina ma lua gasegase tigaina na matutua atu nai lo i latou i le vaega feololo (69.3 vs. 40.4).O faʻamatalaga auiliili o le 5 maʻi tigaina ma le 2 maʻi tigaina o loʻo faʻaalia i le Laulau 1A ma le B. O tagata mamaʻi tuga ma tigaina e masani lava ona maualalo i vaega o le T cell ma le aofaʻi o lymphocyte, ae o le aofaʻi o sela paʻepaʻe e masani lava, sei vagana ai gasegase. faʻatasi ai ma sela paʻepaʻe maualuga (11.5 × 109/L).Neutrophils ma monocytes e masani foi ona maualuga.Ole sua ole PCT, ALT, AST ma le PT tau o le 2 gasegase tigaina ma le 1 maʻi tigaina sa maualuga, ma le PT, ALT, AST o le 1 maʻi tigaina ma le 2 maʻi tigaina sa faʻamaopoopo lelei.Toeitiiti atoa le 7 o gasegase e maualuga le maualuga o le CRP.Eosinophils (EOS) ma basophils (BASO) e masani ona maualalo i gasegase tigaina ma maʻi tigaina (Table 1A ma B).Laulau 1 o loʻo lisiina ai le faʻamatalaga o le masani masani o faʻasologa o le hematological i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata matutua Saina.
O suʻesuʻega faʻamaumauga na faʻaalia ai aʻo leʻi togafitia, CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 + T sela, lymphocytes atoa, lautele tufatufaina RBC (RDW), eosinophils ma basophils na matua maualalo ifo nai lo le maeʻa togafitiga (P = .000,. 000, .000, .012,. 04, .000 ma le .001).O faʻamaoniga o le inflammatory neutrophils, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ma le CRP aʻo leʻi togafitia na sili atu le maualuga nai lo le maeʻa togafitiga (P = .004, .011 ma .017, faasologa).O le Hb ma le RBC na faʻaitiitia tele pe a uma togafitiga (P = .032, .026).Faʻateleina le PLT pe a maeʻa togafitiga, ae e leʻi taua (P = .183) (Laulau 2).
Ole vaega ole T cell (CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +), o le aofaʻi o lymphocytes ma basophils o maʻi ogaoga ma maʻi tigaina na matua maualalo ifo nai lo tagata mamaʻi (P = .025, 0.048, 0.027, 0.006 ma .046).O le maualuga o le neutrophils, NLR, PCT ma le CRP i gasegase tuga ma maʻi tigaina na sili atu le maualuga nai lo i latou i tagata mamaʻi (P = .005, .002, .049 ma .002, faasologa).O tagata mama'i ma'i tigaina na maualalo ifo le PLT nai lo tagata mama'i;ae ui i lea, o le eseesega e le taua tele (Laulau 3).
O le CD3 +, CD8 +, le aofaʻi o lymphocytes, platelets, ma basophils o tagata mamaʻi i luga atu o le 50 tausaga na matua maualalo ifo nai lo i latou o gasegase i lalo ifo o le 50 tausaga (P = .049, 0.018, 0.019, 0.010 ma le .039, i le faasologa), aʻo i latou i luga atu. 50 tausaga le matutua Neutrophils, NLR ratio, CRP maualuga ma RDW na matua maualuga atu nai lo i latou o gasegase i lalo ole 50 tausaga (P = .0191, 0.015, 0.009, ma le .010, faasologa) (Table 4).
O le COVID-19 e afua mai i fa'ama'i pipisi i le coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, lea na muamua fa'aalia i Wuhan, Saina ia Tesema 2019. O le fa'ama'i o le SARS-CoV-2 na sosolo vave mulimuli ane ma ta'ita'ia ai se fa'ama'i fa'alelalolagi.1-3 Ona o le utiuti o le malamalama i le epidemiology ma pathology o le siama, o le numera o tagata oti i le amataga o le afaina e maualuga.E ui lava e leai ni vailaʻau faʻamaʻi, o le tulitatao ma le togafitiga o le COVID-19 ua matua faʻaleleia.E moni lava lenei mea i Saina pe a tuʻufaʻatasia togafitiga faʻapitoa ma vailaʻau faʻaSaina masani e togafitia ai maʻi vave ma feololo.26 COVID-19 tagata gasegase ua faʻamanuiaina mai se malamalamaga sili atu i suiga faʻapitoa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga fale suʻesuʻe o le faʻamaʻi.faama'i.Talu mai lena taimi, ua paʻu le numera o tagata maliliu.I totonu o lenei lipoti, e leai ni maliu i le 52 mataupu na suʻesuʻeina, e aofia ai maʻi tigaina maʻi tigaina 7 (Table 1A ma B).
O suʻesuʻega faʻafomaʻi ua maua ai o le tele o tagata gasegase ile COVID-19 ua faʻaititia le lymphocytes ma le T cell subpopulations, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ogaoga o le faʻamaʻi.13, 27 I lenei lipoti, na maua ai le CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 + T cell, lymphocytes atoa, RDW aʻo leʻi togafitia, eosinophils ma basophils na matua maualalo ifo nai lo le maeʻa togafitiga (P = .000, .000, .000, .012, .04, .000 ma le .001).O a matou faʻaiʻuga e tutusa ma lipoti muamua.O nei lipoti o loʻo i ai le taua o le falemaʻi i le mataʻituina o le ogaoga o le COVID-19.8, 13, 23-25, 27, aʻo faʻaalia e le inflammatory neutrophils, neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) Ma le CRP pe a maeʻa togafitiga nai lo togafitiga (P = .004, . 011 ma le .017), lea na matauina ma lipotia muamua i gasegase COVID-19.O le mea lea, o nei taʻiala ua manatu o ni faʻailoga aoga mo togafitiga ole COVID-19.8.Ina ua maeʻa togafitiga, 11 hemoglobin ma sela mumu toto na matua faʻaitiitia (P = .032, 0.026), e faʻaalia ai o le tagata maʻi na maua i le anemia i le taimi o togafitiga.O se faʻaopoopoga o le PLT na matauina ina ua maeʻa togafitiga, ae e leʻi taua (P = .183) (Laulau 2).O le fa'aitiitia o lymphocytes ma T cell subpopulations e manatu e feso'ota'i ma le fa'aitiitiga o le sela ma le apoptosis pe a fa'aputu i nofoaga fa'ama'i e tau ai le siama.Po'o, atonu na fa'aumatia e le tele o le fa'alilolilo o cytokines ma polotini inflammatory.8, 14, 27-30 Afai o le lymphocyte ma le T cell subsets e faifai pea ona maualalo ma maualuga le CD4 + / CD8 + ratio, o le faʻamaʻi e leaga.29 I la matou matau, lymphocytes ma T cell subsets toe maua ina ua uma togafitiga, ma uma 52 mataupu na faamaloloina (Laulau 1).O maualuga maualuga o neutrophils, NLR, ma le CRP na matauina aʻo leʻi togafitia, ona faʻaitiitia ai lea o le faʻaitiitia pe a uma togafitiga (P = .004, .011, ma le .017, faasologa) (Laulau 2).O le galuega a le T cell subsets i faʻamaʻi ma le tali atu i le puipuiga na lipotia muamua.29, 31-34
Talu ai ona o le numera o tagata mamaʻi maʻi tigaina e laʻititi tele, matou te leʻi faia se suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga i le va o maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi ma gasegase feololo.Ole vaega ole T cell (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) ma le aofaʻi o lymphocytes o tagata mamaʻi ogaoga ma maʻi tigaina e matua maualalo lava nai lo tagata mamaʻi feololo.O le maualuga o le neutrophils, NLR, PCT, ma le CRP i gasegase ogaoga ma maʻi tigaina na sili atu le maualuga nai lo i latou o loʻo i ai i tagata mamaʻi (P = .005, .002, .049, ma le .002, faasologa) (Table 3).Suiga i totonu ole falesuesue e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ogaoga ole COVID-19.35.36 O le mafuaaga o le basofilia e le manino;atonu e mafua ona o le taumafaina o mea'ai a'o tau le siama i le nofoaga o faʻamaʻi pipisi e pei o lymphocytes.35 Na maua e le suʻesuʻega o tagata mamaʻi na maua i le COVID-19 na faʻaititia foʻi le eosinophils;14 Ae ui i lea, o matou faʻamaumauga e leʻi faʻaalia ai o lenei faʻalavelave atonu e mafua mai i le laʻititi o mataupu ogaoga ma ogaoga na matauina i le suʻesuʻega.
O le mea e malie ai, na matou iloa ai i gasegase ogaoga ma ogaoga, o loʻo i ai se fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o le PT, ALT, ma le AST, e faʻaalia ai o le tele o okeni faʻaleagaina na tupu i le osofaʻiga o le siama, e pei ona taʻua i isi faʻamatalaga.37 O le mea lea, e ono avea ma vaega fou aoga mo le iloiloga o le tali ma le faʻamaʻi o togafitiga COVID-19.
O isi suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le CD3 +, CD8 +, lymphocytes atoa, platelets ma basophils o gasegase i luga ole 50 tausaga le matua na matua maualalo ifo nai lo maʻi i lalo ole 50 tausaga (P = P = .049, .018, .019, .010 ma. 039, i le faasologa), ae o le maualuga o neutrophils, NLR, CRP, ma le RBC RDW i tagata mamaʻi i luga ole 50 tausaga le matutua na matua maualuga atu nai lo tagata mamaʻi i lalo ole 50 tausaga (P = .0191, 0.015, 0.009, ma le .010). , fa'asologa) (Laulau 4).O nei fa'ai'uga e tutusa ma lipoti muamua.14, 28, 29, 38-41 Fa'aitiitiga i le T cell subpopulations ma maualuga CD4 + / CD8 + T cell ratios e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ogaoga o faʻamaʻi;O mataupu a tagata matutua e masani ona sili atu ona ogaoga;o le mea lea, e tele lymphocytes o le a faʻaumatia i le tali puipuia poʻo le matua faaleagaina.E faʻapea foʻi, o le maualuga o le RBC RDW e faʻaalia ai o nei gasegase ua atiaʻe le anemia.
O a matou suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia atili ai o le hematological parameters e taua tele mo le malamalama atili i suiga o le falemaʻi o le COVID-19 ma mo le faʻaleleia o le taʻitaʻiga o togafitiga ma faʻasologa.
Liang Juanying ma Nong Shaoyun aoina faʻamatalaga ma faʻamatalaga falemaʻi;Na faia e Jiang Liejun ma Chi Xiaowei le auiliiliga o faʻamaumauga;Dewu Bi, Jun Cao, Lida Mo, ma Xiaolu Luo na faia suʻesuʻega masani;O Huang Huayi sa nafa ma le maʻitaga ma le tusitusi.
Fa'amolemole siaki lau imeli mo fa'atonuga ile toe setiina o lau fa'aupuga.Afai e te le mauaina se imeli i totonu ole 10 minute, e le mafai ona resitalaina lau tuatusi imeli ma atonu e te manaʻomia le fatuina o se tala fou a le Wiley Online Library.
Afai o le tuatusi e fetaui ma se teugatupe o loʻo i ai, o le ae mauaina se imeli ma faʻatonuga mo le toe maua o le igoa ole igoa
Taimi meli: Iul-22-2021